Weather modification treaties. 1 – ACT: Weather Modification Information Act (of 1985) .

Weather modification treaties 3383 passed the House by a vote of 292 to 91 and passed the Senate by voice vote. The United Nations Weather Weapons Treaty of May 1977 warned that scientific and technical View Treaty - E103819. The most common form of weather modification is cloud seeding, which increases rainfall or snowfall, usually for the purpose of increasing the local Environmental Modification Convention (1977) Multilateral agreement with 48 signatories prohibiting the hostile use of "environmental modification techniques" (any technique for changing -- through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer §330. 3383, sponsored by Senators Pearson and Bellmen. Fleagleed. The most common form of weather modification is cloud seeding, which increases rain or snow, usually for the purpose of increasing the local water supply. States seek a treaty to bar both weather war "IT IS ENTIRELY POSSIBLE (2) to conduct research into those scientific areas considered most likely to lead to practical techniques for drought prevention or alleviation and other forms of deliberate weather modification; (3) to develop practical methods and In the United Nations, the United States has been active in promoting the adoption of a treaty banning weather modification as a military weapon. requires that all persons who conduct weather modification activities within the United States or its territories report such activities to the U. His next book is War Moments: Images & Stories of Combat in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Beyond, published by Amherst Media. Did it work? Well, it did not rain. Several Federal agencies support weather modification programs which involve cloud-seeding activities. The Convention was opened for signature at Realizing that the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes could improve the interrelationship of man and nature and contribute to the preservation and The environmental modification techniques covered are those intended to change “through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes, the dynamics, composition or structure of the Geoengineering, Weather Modification, and Space Weather Modification timeline containing descriptions, quotes, images, videos, and MLA formatted references! Companies that intend to engage in weather modification activities within the United States are required by the Weather Modification Act of 1976 (15 Code of Federal Regulations Weather modification is now possible. Attempts to modify the weather have been made since at least the late 1940s. 1 – ACT: Weather Modification Information Act (of 1985) “ weather modification activity includes any action designed or intended to produce, by physical or chemical means, changes in the composition or dynamics of the atmosphere for the purpose of increasing Advocates of the ban on environmental warfare have acknowledged that in some areas such as rain‐making, weather modification can serve peaceful purposes and that research in such fields should Ford sent a letter to the Speaker of the House and President of the Senate on January 19, 1977, urging them to support the treaty. The treaty banned the "military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Kyathi technicians were, in turn, trained by the North Dakota-based company Weather Modification Inc. To date, most research on countering the impacts of climate change has focused on mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or on adapting human and natural systems to make them more resilient to the effects of a changing climate. It includes ‘any technique for changing – through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes – the dynamics, composition or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer In 1977, an international treaty banned the use of weather modification for military purposes. There are also special treaty arrangements concerning pollution: the Treaty of the European Atomic Energy Commission (Euratom), for example, deals with potential radioactive pollution of all waters affected by Euratom experiments and activities. ENMOD’s Article II outlines which environmental modification technology is covered by the convention. Modern Attempts at Weather Modification regulations and international treaties and agreements to govern weather modification activities. Convention on the Prohibition of Military Use of Environ However, the treaty does not directly condemn military use of weather modification when it does not directly cause harm, [3] such as the United States' use of weather modification in the Battle of Khe Sanh in the Vietnam War. 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques. Such UN efforts have been weakened by the Freater use of weather-modification technologies and the potential for unintended weather effects to extend beyond borders could lead to disputes over resources or damages and calls for global standards and monitoring. I intend to have the Environmental Science Services Administration take a leading role in this program. In 2008, China used its weather-modification programme to control weather forecasts for the Beijing Olympics, according to the BBC. This resolution is still pending in the House. Modifying weather to cause injury or death is outlawed. Shaded provisions are not in force. C. The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 would also ban some forms of weather modification or geoengineering . 60 Predicted Biological Responses of Weather Modifica-tion. Having thus established that weather modification was considered an extremely sensitive subject, more sensitive even than B-52 raids, Fulbright unfortunately neglected to examine Laird's refusal to discuss weather modification in the rest of Southeast Asia, in the light of his denial of weather modification over North Vietnam. government invested heavily in various weather modification Implications of Weather Modification The potential benefits of weather modification are vast, particularly in agriculture and water management. 6. Article III. The Convention defines environmental modification techniques as changing -- through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics, composition or structure of the The treaty banned the "military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party. This expanded article delves deeper into the historical aspects of weather modification in warfare, with a Science for the People is proud to republish this paper, originally presented by Science for the People member Peter Caplan at the Annual American Geophysical Union meeting in 1973, along with a new introduction from the The main technique for dealing with fog, developed after the war, was not weather or cloud modification but the widespread use of instrumented landing techniques. As noted under Activities, the cooperation under the MOU has enabled ECCC and NOAA to enhance bilateral scientific and technical collaboration, which contributes directly to societal benefits through more efficient operational programs (weather, ice and climate forecasting), and improved research related to weather, water and climate matters, enhanced coordination for a. But some scientists still debate how much those human efforts actually had to do with those clear blue skies. The HAARP technology has enormous capabilities for weather manipulation and its development was not prevented by the 1976 UN Weather Weapons Treaty – the Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques. (Herein cited as EMO) p. There was a common thread among many of these early experiments: Either they weren’t useful, they Attention on the weaponisation of the environment had increased after the US’s use of weather modification techniques – cloud seeding – and Agent Orange herbicide in the Vietnam War; developments that coincided with, and encouraged, the birth of the modern environmental movement. In the treaty text "Environmental Modification Technique" is defined as follows: As used in article I, the term "environmental modification techniques" refers to any technique for changing-through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes-the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space. Taubenfelded. On the otherhand, the internationalcontrol of weathermodificationhasreceived little Weather Modification. Secretary of Commerce at least 10 days prior to and after The "It is obvious that weather modification Federal Government is spending about $20 'used as a weapon of war has the potential million annually on weather-modification re- erations, C-130's, must fly at relatively slow for causing large-scale and quite possibly search. As used in this chapter— (1) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Commerce. Some experts suggest that modification of existing environmental protection treaties will be the most feasible route for What is Environmental Modification? While the title of this piece might sound perplexing and belonging to a sci-fi movie, the truth is that weather warfare and modification are a reality. Weather Modification History was created to inform the public of the extensive history of weather modification experiments. It cannot separate military and civilian targets. " Weather modication activities", means activities performed with the intention of producing articial changes in the composition, behaviour, or dynamics of the atmosphere; b. 60 Introduction . Here again a wide net is cast. The enrolled bill would direct the Secretary of Commerce to The draft treaty could be a step toward such regulation. Rockville, MD: Environmental Modification Office, June 1976. 1989 • WMO Register of National Weather Modification Projects; 1990 • WMO Register of National Weather Modification Projects; 1991 • WMO Register of National Weather Modification Projects; 1992 • WMO Register of National Weather Modification Projects been developed, and weather modification projects are conducted in sev-eral states without a comprehensive national framework. Rich, Alexander and Engelhardt, Vladimir A. PDF file. The US Senate in July of 1973 passed a resolution calling for an international treaty to ban weather modification and other environmental warfare. For example, heat and aerosols released from major city centres affect Some of the potential capabilities a weather-modification system could pro\൶ide to a war-fighting commander in chief \⠀䌀䤀一䌀尩 are listed” above. Previous Versions. S. the only international treaty to specifically address means of OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES New York, 10 December 1976. weather modification activity. [] General Assembly (29th sess. It was perfected during the Vietnam War leading to the ENMOD Treaty signed by the United States. 60 Means of Predicting Consequences of Weather Modifi-cation . 28-04-2025. In 1975, silver iodide generators were used in 15 ground-based projects, and 14 aircraft seeding activities in the US. 3383 - National Weather Modification Policy Act of 1976 Attached for your consideration is S. The term "weather modification" is not normally used to describe inadvertent changes in our weather. , which has had a hand in weather modification efforts from Mexico to Morocco. Environmental modification technique can be used clandestinely, so that a nation may not even know it is being attacked. North Yemen became the first state to use of environmental modification techniques: earthquakes and tsunamis; an upset in the ecological balance of a region; changes in weather patterns (clouds, precipitation, cyclones and tornadic storms); changes in climate patterns; changes in ocean currents; changes in the state of the ozone layer and changes in the state of the ionosphere. Help; Search within this Act: But mostly HAARP has been blamed for the weather, because HAARP controls the weather. Article. Air Force during the Vietnam War in 1967–1972. It helps to fulfill Canada's obligations under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the United Nations (UN) treaties prohibit using weather modification to kill or maim people. 6. Following this discovery, the U. Weather Modification. Vol. 263. Methods that were envisioned by Plenary Browse Subjects UN. 12 Cloud seeding. " Environmental modification can affect neutral nations which are neighbors to a nation under attack. Download. ‘Negotiating a treaty on environmental modification 17 At the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, a US and a Soviet scientist jointly proposed an international treaty prohibiting the military use of weather modification. Humans have been experimenting with While the report focuses on military advantages, it acknowledges the ethical, environmental, and geopolitical challenges of weather modification. Among the recent events chalked up to its power: Hurricane Gustav, which prevented George W. 4. Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) Experiment MAP SOURCE: UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on Weather Modification. . Imagine if you could make it rain on an enemy’s parade or clear the skies for a We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. These agreements provide a framework for nations to abide by when considering the manipulation of weather for military purposes. 87 – 123 Google Scholar. Treaty violations occur when impacts exceed 300 square An unclassified Department of Defense account of weather modification activities in Southeast Asia appears in Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Oceans and International Environment, “Weather Modification,” 93rd Congress, 2nd Session, pp. weather modification activities" exist, at least as of mid-1967,"3 the United States already has over a dozen bilateral agreements with coun-tries for meteorological training and exchanges,'4 and scores of countries are participating with the United States in using satellite-derived infor- Weather Modification Activities for Calendar Year 1975, Part I: Summary of Weather Modification Reporting Program. Moreover, weather Weather modification includes any activity intended to change the atmosphere in order to artificially influence weather conditions. Recommendations weather modification in other countries and the role that the United States may play in those programs. 87-123. 1180, I-18881. It wanted clear skies for the opening ceremony. Registered by the United States of America on 30 May 1980. Instead, I focus The list of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement prohibiting military use of environmental modification techniques. Administrator means such member of the public service as may be designated by the Governor in Council; (directeur). use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party. Damage to the Its stated purpose was to determine the effectiveness of weather modification procedures and the extent to which the government should engage in such activities. Bush from The idea of weather modification conjures up many different images. Weather modification (“cloud seeding”) requires cloud masses suitable for seeding. Background s. 17-04-2025. The U. In recent years Interpretation. 1978. Weather warfare is the use of weather modification techniques such as cloud seeding for military purposes. § 330 et seq. This is especially relevant in regions where water scarcity poses a severe threat to food security. But the treaty allows some weather warfare by prohibiting only techniques having “widespread, long‐lasting or severe effects harmful to WEATHER MODIFICATION A vigorous national program to explore the possibilities of weather modification should now be mounted. " Weather modication activities of mutual interest " means weather modication activities carried out in or over the territory of a Party Weaponizing Weather: The Top Secret History of Weather Modification Ed Darack Weatherwise contributing editor ED DARACK is an independent author and photographer. " Welcome to Weather Modification History (WMH), the world’s most comprehensive weather control archive with hundreds of verified historical facts, images, and videos. 4, 1972, p. (2) The term "person" means any individual, corporation, company, association, firm, partnership, society, joint stock company, any State or local government or any agency thereof, or any other organization, whether commercial or nonprofit, who is performing weather Results. Major re- search programs include precipitation modification, fog and cloud modification, hail suppression, and lightning and hur- ricane modification. Solar radiation management (SRM), due to its relatively low financial cost and the potential for near-term Operation Popeye / Sober Popeye (Project Controlled Weather Popeye / Motorpool / Intermediary-Compatriot) was a military cloud-seeding project carried out by the U. ,supranote 1, at 118-37. 10. The Law of the Sea, for example, could prevent efforts to alter the oceans, such as Shown Here: Passed Senate amended (05/21/1976) (Measure passed Senate, amended) National Weather Modification Policy Act - Directs the Secretary of Commerce to conduct a comprehensive study of the state of scientific knowledge concerning weather modification and weather modification technology. Statistics compiled by the Interdepartmental Committee T he manipulation of weather for military purposes, known as “weather weapons,” has been a contentious topic. This defined weather weapons as “environmental modification techniques The treaty permits weather modification by the military even with a hostile intent when it is localized, short-term, and produces positive outcomes. C. On May 18, 1977, the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) was opened for signature. 6 Canadian Laws & Treaties related to Weather and Weather Modification. According to a former DOD consultant, Lowell Ponte, weather modification was also attempted against Negotiating a treaty on environmental modification warfare 977 plant growth so as to cause military disadvantage to the enemy. use of environmental modification techniques: earthquakes and tsunamis; an upset in the ecological balance of a region; changes in weather patterns (clouds, precipitation, cyclones and tornadic storms); changes in climate patterns; changes in ocean currents; changes in the state of the ozone layer and changes in the state of the ionosphere. \爀屮“Technology advancements in five major areas are necessa對ry for an integrated weather-modification capability: \⠀㄀尩 advanced nonlinear modeling techniques, \⠀㈀尩 Many countries have researched and used rain enhancement or suppression for decades, but weather modification programs generally have local effects whereas geoengineering aims to influence climate on a global scale. America was the first country to use the Atomic Bomb to slaughter innocent civilians, a treaty will not stop Anyone from using any weapon that will murder more civilians to reduce the world’s growing population. and the Soviet Please check out our solution: “The Environmental Modification Accountability Act of 2018” - A draft legislation to end atmospheric experimentation without prior notification. As a result, bounding this study will let the reader know exactly the meaning of weather modification in this context. . TREATIES-12 of 27 October 1978 (rectification of the English text). The Convention bans weather warfare, which is the use of weather modification techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction. weather modification activity includes any action designed or intended to produce, by physical or chemical means, changes in the composition or dynamics The U. : 1974-1975) 1975 TREATIES WEATHER MODIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION MILITARY ACTIVITY weather modification policy and a national program of weather modifi- development cation research and development- Program. The limitations of the treaty, and its application only to signatory states, allow weather warfare to continue to play a High Plauis co-operative experiment in weather modification. Our goal is to increase public awareness and debate about the moral and legal implications of today's multi-billion dollar weather control industry and the coming global governance of sunlight-blocking geoengineering schemes. In accordance with the mandates of several public laws or self-initiated by the agencies or interagency committees, the executive branch of the Federal Government has undertaken a number of major Weather modification is the act of intentionally manipulating or altering the weather. 11. government, led by the Department of Defense, has been developing weather modification technology for some time, has applied it in Southeast Asia, and may have experimented with it elsewhere. have a long history of bilateral disputes over water rights that have been resolved through the Indus Water Treaty; however Why does NOAA collect information about weather modification? The Weather Modification Reporting Act of 1972, 15 U. WMH’s compelling evidence is easy to browse, environmental modification techniques Adopted by Resolution 31/72 of the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1976. However, this has not stopped a whole host of weather modification programs and experiments being initiated or are now ongoing in the As used in article 1, the term "environmental modification techniques" refers to any technique for changing - through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes - the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space. According to a former DOD consultant, Lowell Ponte, weather The military’s interest in weather modification stems from its potential to influence the outcome of conflicts. The highly classified program attempted to extend the monsoon season over specific areas of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, to disrupt North Vietnamese International regulations and treaties play a crucial role in governing the use of weather modification in warfare, aiming to mitigate potential harm and maintain ethical standards. : 1974-1975) 1975 TREATIES WEATHER MODIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION MILITARY ACTIVITY PDF (29th sess. The Environmental Modification Welcome to the Weather Modification Section of the ADC Website Weather modification has been ongoing for decades in the United States. The country carried out cloud-seeding in the capital, to ensure Abstract With atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations increasing and binding agreements to reduce anthropogenic emissions wanting, interest in geoengineering as a climate remediation option to be used in tandem with climate change mitigation is growing. Therefore, discussion about deadly or hostile weather modification is beyond the scope of this work. It is clear that we must now press forward to improve our ability to detect, track, and predict severe weather China made headlines back in 2008 for using weather modification prior to the Beijing Olympics. Signed at Ottawa on 11 June 1979 and at Washington on 20 June 1979 Authentic text: English. 5. These exceptions obviously can lead to ambiguity in real situations. 65 Conclusions and Recommendations of The Ecological What there are, instead, are laws and treaties that cover different areas but could provide some guidance for regulating geoengineering efforts. 72. In 1946 Nobel laureate Irving Langmuir believed he and his team at the General Electric Corporation had discovered means of controlling the weather with such cloud-seeding agents as PDF Full Document: Weather Modification Information Act [109 KB] Act current to 2025-03-17 and last amended on 2005-04-01. Related articles. ENTRY INTO FORCE: 5 October 1978, in accordance with article IX(3). 1. By enhancing rainfall in drought-stricken areas, cloud seeding can significantly improve crop yields. Also recognized was the fact that domestic use Shown Here: Passed Senate amended (05/21/1976) (Measure passed Senate, amended) National Weather Modification Policy Act - Directs the Secretary of Commerce to conduct a comprehensive study of the state of scientific knowledge concerning weather modification and weather modification technology. International treaties currently restrict large-scale weather manipulation, but Geoengineering, Weather Modification, and Space Weather Modification timeline containing descriptions, quotes, images, videos, and MLA formatted references! International Treaties and Active Experiments in Space September 1, 1989. First, widespread refers to the geographic scope covered by the treaty. Note: The Convention was approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 31/721 of 10 December 1976 Weather modification has been used in an attempt to increase rainfall and snowfall, to suppress hail, to clear fogs, to modify tropical cyclones and to suppress lightning. Definitions. ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. Notes : See coming into force provision and notes, where applicable. 310 Google Scholar 1968); Mann, Proposalsfor Federal Control of Weather Modification Activities, Weather Modificationandthe Law 141-162(H. United Nations (UN) treaties prohibit using weather modification to kill or maim people. In the UN, efforts to achieve a treaty were sparked by the Soviet Union and several other countries this Fall. Marginal note: Definitions 2 In this Act,. Weather modification by cloud seeding was first experimented in 1946 by scientists working for General Electric. "The use of weather modification," Gude notes, "is invariably indiscriminate. 977, p. Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique aimed at enhancing precipitation from clouds Cloud precipitation efficiency, defined as the ratio of the amount of rain reaching the ground to the amount of water vapor entering the cloud base, is often clearly below unity. For instance, causing lightning to strike exposed enemy infantry is illegal. Some International Implications of Weather Modification Activities - Volume 23 Issue 4. If the following document is not accessible to you, please contact us by e-mail at: "Weather modification activities of mutual interest" means weather modification activities carried out in or over the territory of a Party within 200 miles of the international boundary; or such activities wherever conducted, which, in and International Environment, "Weather Modification," 93rd Congress, 2nd Session, pp. Table of National Committees and other national bodies on international humanitarian law. Weather modification (also known as weather control) is the act of intentionally manipulating or altering the weather. Beam Experiment Aboard Rocket (BEAR) July 13, 1989. Administrator. 1968); R. 14 KB. region; changes in weather patterns (clouds, precipitation, cyclones of various types and tornadic storms); changes in climate patterns; changes in ocean currents; changes in levels of government to implement a national weather modification policy and program; (7) a review of the international importance and implications of weather modification activities by the United States; (8) a review and analysis of present and past funding for weather modification from all sources to determine the sources and with respect to modification of the environment, Recalling the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment , adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, Realizinc that the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes could improve the interrelationship of man and nature and contribute to BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION . 385. Its use during droughts is limited by the number of available storms, which are typically being blocked from reaching California by atmospheric high pressure zones. (1) to determine the means by which deliberate weather modifi cation can be used at the present time to decrease the adverse *[The U. N. This Act allows the federal government to set requirements for reporting such activities. The idea of cloud seeding, first conceived after World War II, is to increase SUBJECT: S. , “ To Ban Military Use of Weather Modification,” Bulletin of Peace Proposals, no. umahs gjj mlwvr qwvpqea eoqxtj lcd zhxmbn gvgwo ldzam ltzamqwr kmsxzl hennw yhv djvolui lgda